You can browse C++ class hierarchies from within Emacs by using Ebrowse.
This file documents Ebrowse, a C++ class browser for GNU Emacs.
Copyright © 2000–2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual.”
When working in software projects using C++, I frequently missed software support for two things:
greping through dozens or even hundreds of files.
The design of Ebrowse reflects these two needs.
How does it work?
A fast parser written in C is used to process C++ source files. The parser generates a data base containing information about classes, members, global functions, defines, types etc. found in the sources.
The second part of Ebrowse is a Lisp program. This program reads the data base generated by the parser. It displays its contents in various forms and allows you to perform operations on it, or do something with the help of the knowledge contained in the data base.
Navigational use of Ebrowse is centered around two types of buffers which define their own major modes:
Tree buffers are used to view class hierarchies in tree form. They allow you to quickly find classes, find or view class declarations, perform operations like query replace on sets of your source files, and finally tree buffers are used to produce the second buffer form—member buffers. See Tree Buffers.
Members are displayed in member buffers. Ebrowse distinguishes between six different types of members; each type is displayed as a member list of its own:
enums, and typedefs defined with class
scope).
You can switch member buffers from one list to another, or to another class. You can include inherited members in the display, you can set filters that remove categories of members from the display, and most importantly you can find or view member declarations and definitions with a keystroke. See Member Buffers.
These two buffer types and the commands they provide support the navigational use of the browser. The second form resembles Emacs’s Tags package for C and other procedural languages. Ebrowse’s commands of this type are not confined to special buffers; they are most often used while you are editing your source code.
To list just a subset of what you can use the Tags part of Ebrowse for:
Before you can start browsing a class hierarchy, you must run the parser
ebrowse on your source files in order to generate a Lisp data
base describing your program.
The operation of ebrowse can be tailored with command line
options. Under normal circumstances it suffices to let the parser use
its default settings. If you want to do that, call it with a command
line like:
ebrowse *.h *.cc
or, if your shell doesn’t allow all the file names to be specified on the command line,
ebrowse --files=file
where file contains the names of the files to be parsed, one per line.
When invoked with option ‘--help’, ebrowse prints a list of
available command line options.
Each file name on the command line tells ebrowse to parse
that file.
This command line switch specifies that file contains a list of file names to parse. Each line in file must contain one file name. More than one option of this kind is allowed. You might, for instance, want to use one file for header files, and another for source files.
When ebrowse finds no file names on the command line, and no
‘--file’ option is specified, it reads file names from standard
input. This is sometimes convenient when ebrowse is used as part
of a command pipe.
This option lets you specify search paths for your input files. paths is a list of directories, separated by either a colon or a semicolon, depending on the operating system.
It is generally a good idea to specify input files so that header files are parsed before source files. This facilitates the parser’s work of properly identifying friend functions of a class.
This option instructs ebrowse to generate a Lisp data base with
name file. By default, the data base is named BROWSE, and
is written in the directory in which ebrowse is invoked.
If you regularly use data base names different from the default, you might want to add this to your init file:
(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '(NAME . ebrowse-tree-mode))
where NAME is the Lisp data base name you are using.
By default, each run of ebrowse erases the old contents of the
output file when writing to it. You can instruct ebrowse to
append its output to an existing file produced by ebrowse
with this command line option.
This switch suppresses all classes in the data base declared as
struct or union in the output.
This is mainly useful when you are converting an existing C program to C++, and do not want to see the old C structs in a class tree.
The parser ebrowse normally writes regular expressions to its
output file that help the Lisp part of Ebrowse to find functions,
variables etc. in their source files.
You can instruct ebrowse to omit these regular expressions by
calling it with the command line switch ‘--no-regexps’.
When you do this, the Lisp part of Ebrowse tries to guess, from member or class names, suitable regular expressions to locate that class or member in source files. This works fine in most cases, but the automatic generation of regular expressions can be too weak if unusual coding styles are used.
This option turns off regular expression recording.
The number n following this option specifies the minimum length of
the regular expressions recorded to match class and member declarations
and definitions. The default value is set at compilation time of
ebrowse.
The smaller the minimum length, the higher the probability that Ebrowse will find a wrong match. The larger the value, the larger the output file and therefore the memory consumption once the file is read from Emacs.
The number following this option specifies the maximum length of the
regular expressions used to match class and member declarations and
definitions. The default value is set at compilation time of
ebrowse.
The larger the maximum length, the higher the probability that the browser will find a correct match, but the larger the value the larger the output file and therefore the memory consumption once the data is read. As a second effect, the larger the regular expression, the higher the probability that it will no longer match after editing the file.
When this option is specified on the command line, ebrowse prints
a period for each file parsed, and it displays a ‘+’ for each
class written to the output file.
This option makes ebrowse print out the names of the files and
the names of the classes seen.
You start browsing a class hierarchy parsed by ebrowse by just
finding the BROWSE file with C-x C-f.
An example of a tree buffer display is shown below.
| Collection | IndexedCollection | Array | FixedArray | Set | Dictionary
When you run Emacs on a display which supports colors and the mouse, you will notice that certain areas in the tree buffer are highlighted when you move the mouse over them. This highlight marks mouse-sensitive regions in the buffer. Please notice the help strings in the echo area when the mouse moves over a sensitive region.
A click with mouse-3 on a mouse-sensitive region opens a context menu. In addition to this, each buffer also has a buffer-specific menu that is opened with a click with mouse-3 somewhere in the buffer where no highlight is displayed.
Class trees are displayed in tree buffers which install their own major mode. Most Emacs keys work in tree buffers in the usual way, e.g., you can move around in the buffer with the usual C-f, C-v etc., or you can search with C-s.
Tree-specific commands are bound to simple keystrokes, similar to
Gnus. You can take a look at the key bindings by entering
? which calls M-x describe-mode in both tree and member
buffers.
You can view or find a class declaration when the cursor is on a class name.
This command views the class declaration if the database contains information about it. If you don’t parse the entire source you are working on, some classes will only be known to exist but the location of their declarations and definitions will not be known.
Works like SPC, except that it finds the class declaration rather than viewing it, so that it is ready for editing.
The same functionality is available from the menu opened with mouse-3 on the class name.
Ebrowse distinguishes six different kinds of members, each of which is displayed as a separate member list: instance variables, instance functions, static variables, static functions, friend functions, and types.
Each of these lists can be displayed in a member buffer with a command starting with L when the cursor is on a class name. By default, there is only one member buffer named *Members* that is reused each time you display a member list—this has proven to be more practical than to clutter up the buffer list with dozens of member buffers.
If you want to display more than one member list at a time you can freeze its member buffer. Freezing a member buffer prevents it from being overwritten the next time you display a member list. You can toggle this buffer status at any time.
Every member list display command in the tree buffer can be used with a prefix argument (C-u). Without a prefix argument, the command will pop to a member buffer displaying the member list. With prefix argument, the member buffer will additionally be frozen.
This command displays the list of instance member variables.
Display the list of static variables.
Display the list of friend functions. This list is used for defines if you are viewing the class ‘*Globals*’ which is a place holder for global symbols.
Display the list of member functions.
Display the list of static member functions.
Display a list of types.
These lists are also available from the class’ context menu invoked with mouse-3 on the class name.
This command reads a class name from the minibuffer with completion and positions the cursor on the class in the class tree.
If the branch of the class tree containing the class searched for is currently collapsed, the class itself and all its base classes are recursively made visible. (See also Expanding and Collapsing a Tree.)
This function is also available from the tree buffer’s context menu.
Repeat the last search done with /. Each tree buffer has its own local copy of the regular expression last searched in it.
This command toggles the display of file names in a tree buffer. If file name display is switched on, the names of the files containing the class declaration are shown to the right of the class names. If the file is not known, the string ‘unknown’ is displayed.
This command is also provided in the tree buffer’s context menu.
Display file names for the current line, or for the number of lines given by a prefix argument.
Here is an example of a tree buffer with file names displayed.
| Collection (unknown) | IndexedCollection (indexedcltn.h) | Array (array.h) | FixedArray (fixedarray.h) | Set (set.h) | Dictionary (dict.h)
You can expand and collapse parts of a tree to reduce the complexity of large class hierarchies. Expanding or collapsing branches of a tree has no impact on the functionality of other commands, like /. (See also Finding a Class.)
Collapsed branches are indicated with an ellipsis following the class name like in the example below.
| Collection | IndexedCollection... | Set | Dictionary
This command collapses the branch of the tree starting at the class the cursor is on.
This command expands the branch of the tree starting at the class the cursor is on. Both commands for collapsing and expanding branches are also available from the class’ object menu.
This command expands all collapsed branches in the tree.
This command reads a new indentation width from the minibuffer and redisplays the tree buffer with the new indentation It is also available from the tree buffer’s context menu.
This command removes the class the cursor is on and all its derived classes from the tree. The user is asked for confirmation before the deletion is actually performed.
This command writes a class tree to the file from which it was read. This is useful after classes have been deleted from a tree.
Writes the tree to a file whose name is read from the minibuffer.
Display statistics for the tree, like number of classes in it, number of member functions, etc. This command can also be found in the buffer’s context menu.
Classes can be marked for operations similar to the standard Emacs commands M-x tags-search and M-x tags-query-replace (see also see Tags-like Functions.)
Toggle the mark of the line point is in or for as many lines as given by a prefix command. This command can also be found in the class’ context menu.
Unmark all classes. With prefix argument C-u, mark all classes in the tree. Since this command operates on the whole buffer, it can also be found in the buffer’s object menu.
Marked classes are displayed with an > in column one of the tree
display, like in the following example
|> Collection | IndexedCollection... |> Set | Dictionary
Member buffers are used to operate on lists of members of a class. Ebrowse distinguishes six kinds of lists:
enums and typedefs defined with class scope.
Nested classes will be shown in the class tree like normal classes.
Like tree buffers, member buffers install their own major mode. Also like in tree buffers, menus are provided for certain areas in the buffer: members, classes, and the buffer itself.
This command switches the member buffer display to the next member list.
This command switches the member buffer display to the previous member list.
Switch to the list of member functions.
Switch to the list of static member functions.
Switch to the list of member variables.
Switch to the list of static member variables.
Switch to the list of friends or defines.
Switch to the list of types.
Both commands cycle through the member list.
Most of the commands are also available from the member buffer’s context menu.
This command finds the definition of the member the cursor is on. Finding involves roughly the same as the standard Emacs tags facility does—loading the file and searching for a regular expression matching the member.
This command finds the declaration of the member the cursor is on.
This is the same command as RET, but views the member definition instead of finding the member’s source file.
This is the same command as f, but views the member’s declaration instead of finding the file the declaration is in.
You can install a hook function to perform actions after a member or class declaration or definition has been found, or when it is not found.
All the commands described above can also be found in the context menu displayed when clicking mouse-2 on a member name.
This command toggles the display of inherited members in the member buffer. This is also in the buffer’s context menu.
Position the cursor on a member whose name is read from the minibuffer; only members shown in the current member buffer appear in the completion list.
Like the above command, but all members for the current class appear in the completion list. If necessary, the current member list is switched to the one containing the member.
With a prefix argument (C-u), all members in the class tree, i.e., all members the browser knows about appear in the completion list. The member display will be switched to the class and member list containing the member.
Repeat the last member search.
Look into the buffer’s context menu for a convenient way to do this with a mouse.
Pop up the tree buffer to which the member buffer belongs.
Do the same as TAB but also position the cursor on the class displayed in the member buffer.
This command toggles the display of public members. The
‘a’ stands for “access”.
This command toggles the display of protected members.
This command toggles the display of private members.
This command toggles the display of virtual members.
This command toggles the display of inline members.
This command toggles the display of const members.
This command toggles the display of pure virtual members.
This command removes all filters.
These commands are also found in the buffer’s context menu.
Toggle the display of member attributes (default is on).
The nine member attributes Ebrowse knows about are displayed as a list a single-characters flags enclosed in angle brackets in front the of the member’s name. A ‘-’ at a given position means that the attribute is false. The list of attributes from left to right is
The member is a template.
The member is declared extern "C".
Means the member is declared virtual.
The member is declared inline.
The member is const.
The member is a pure virtual function.
The member is declared mutable.
The member is declared explicit.
The member is a function with a throw list.
This command is also in the buffer’s context menu.
This command toggles the member buffer between short and long display form. The short display form displays member names, only:
| isEmpty contains hasMember create | storeSize hash isEqual restoreGuts | saveGuts
The long display shows one member per line with member name and regular expressions matching the member (if known):
| isEmpty Bool isEmpty () const... | hash unsigned hash () const... | isEqual int isEqual (...
Regular expressions will only be displayed when the Lisp database has
not been produced with the ebrowse option ‘--no-regexps’.
See Regular Expressions.
This command toggles the long display form from displaying the regular expressions matching the member declarations to those expressions matching member definitions.
Regular expressions will only be displayed when the Lisp database has
not been produced with the ebrowse option ‘--no-regexps’,
see Regular Expressions.
This command lets you switch the member buffer to another class. It reads the name of the new class from the minibuffer with completion.
This is the same command as C c but restricts the classes shown in the completion list to immediate base classes, only. If only one base class exists, this one is immediately shown in the minibuffer.
Same as C b, but for derived classes.
Switch to the previous class in the class hierarchy on the same level as the class currently displayed.
Switch to the next sibling of the class in the class tree.
This command sets the column width depending on the display form used (long or short display).
This command forces a redisplay of the member buffer. If the width of the window displaying the member buffer is changed this command redraws the member list with the appropriate column widths and number of columns.
Ebrowse provides tags functions similar to those of the standard Emacs Tags facility, but better suited to the needs of C++ programmers.
The functions in this section are similar to those described in Viewing and Finding Class Declarations, and also in Finding and Viewing Member Source, except that they work in a C++ source buffer, not in member and tree buffers created by Ebrowse.
Find the definition of the member around point. If you invoke this function with a prefix argument, the declaration is searched.
If more than one class contains a member with the given name you can select the class with completion. If there is a scope declaration in front of the member name, this class name is used as initial input for the completion.
Find the declaration of the member around point.
View the definition of the member around point.
View the declaration of the member around point.
Find a member’s definition in another window.
Find a member’s declaration in another window.
View a member’s definition in another window.
View a member’s declaration in another window.
Find a member’s definition in another frame.
Find a member’s declaration in another frame.
View a member’s definition in another frame.
View a member’s declaration in another frame.
When jumping to a member declaration or definition with one of Ebrowse’s commands, the position from where you performed the jump and the position where you jumped to are recorded in a position stack. There are several ways in which you can quickly move to positions in the stack:
This command sets point to the previous position in the position stack. Directly after you performed a jump, this will put you back to the position where you came from.
The stack is not popped, i.e., you can always switch back and forth between positions in the stack. To avoid letting the stack grow to infinite size there is a maximum number of positions defined. When this number is reached, older positions are discarded when new positions are pushed on the stack.
This command moves forward in the position stack, setting point to the next position stored in the position stack.
Displays an electric buffer showing all positions saved in the stack. You can select a position by pressing SPC in a line. You can view a position with v.
Ebrowse allows you to perform operations on all or a subset of the files mentioned in a class tree. When you invoke one of the following functions and more than one class tree is loaded, you must choose a class tree to use from an electric tree menu. If the selected tree contains marked classes, the following commands operate on the files mentioned in the marked classes only. Otherwise all files in the class tree are used.
This function performs a regular expression search in the chosen set of files.
This command performs a search for calls of a given member which is selected in the usual way with completion.
Perform a query replace over the set of files.
All three operations above stop when finding a match. You can restart the operation with this command.
This restarts the last tags operation with the next file in the list.
The command C-c C-m l, lists all members in a given file. The file name is read from the minibuffer with completion.
The command C-c C-m a can be used to display all members matching a given regular expression. This command can be very useful if you remember only part of a member name, and not its beginning.
A special buffer is popped up containing all identifiers matching the regular expression, and what kind of symbol it is (e.g., a member function, or a type). You can then switch to this buffer, and use the command C-c C-m f, for example, to jump to a specific member.
You can quickly display a member buffer containing the member the cursor in on with the command C-c C-m m.
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If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
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An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
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To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.