SES is a major mode for GNU Emacs to edit spreadsheet files, which contain a rectangular grid of cells. The cells’ values are specified by formulas that can refer to the values of other cells.
To report bugs, use M-x report-emacs-bug.
This file documents SES: the Simple Emacs Spreadsheet.
Copyright © 2002–2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”
(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual.”
If you want to get started quickly and think that you know what to expect from a simple spreadsheet, this chapter may be all that you need.
First, visit a new file with the .ses extension. Emacs presents you with an empty spreadsheet containing a single cell.
Begin by inserting a headline: "Income"RET. The double quotes indicate that this is a text cell. (Notice that Emacs automatically inserts the closing quotation mark.)
To insert your first income value, you must first resize the spreadsheet. Press TAB to add a new cell and navigate back up to it. Enter a number, such as ‘2.23’. Then proceed to add a few more income entries, e.g.:
A Income 2.23 0.02 15.76 -4.00
To add up the values, enter a Lisp expression:
(+ A2 A3 A4 A5)
Perhaps you want to add a cell to the right of cell A4 to explain why you have a negative entry. Pressing TAB in that cell adds an entire new column ‘B’, where you can add such a note.
The column is fairly narrow by default, but pressing w allows you to resize it as needed. Make it 20 characters wide. You can now add descriptive legends for all the entries, e.g.:
A B
Income
2.23 Consulting fee
0.02 Informed opinion
15.76 Lemonade stand
-4 Loan to Joe
14.01 Total
By default, the labels in column B are right-justified. To change that, you can enter a printer function for the whole column, using e.g., M-p ("%s"). You can override a column’s printer function in any individual cell using p.
If Joe pays back his loan, you might blank that entry; e.g., by
positioning the cursor in cell A5 and pressing C-d twice.
If you do that, the total cell will display ‘######’. That is
because the regular + operator does not handle a range that
contains some empty cells. Instead of emptying the cell, you could
enter a literal ‘0’, or delete the entire row using C-k.
An alternative is to use the special function ses+ instead of
the regular +:
(ses+ A2 A3 A4 A5)
To make a formula robust against changes in the spreadsheet geometry,
you can use the ses-range macro to refer to a range of cells by
the end-points, e.g.:
(apply 'ses+ (ses-range A2 A5))
(The apply is necessary because ses-range produces a
list of values. This allows for more complex possibilities.)
Alternatively you can use the ! modifier of ses-range to
remove blank cells from the returned list, which allows to use
+ instead of ses+:
(apply '+ (ses-range A2 A5 !))
To create a new spreadsheet, visit a nonexistent file whose name ends with ".ses". For example, C-x C-f test.ses RET.
A cell identifier is a symbol with a column letter and a row number. Cell B7 is the 2nd column of the 7th row. For very wide spreadsheets, there are two column letters: cell AB7 is the 28th column of the 7th row. Super wide spreadsheets get AAA1, etc. You move around with the regular Emacs movement commands.
Moves point to cell, specified by identifier (ses-jump). Unless
the cell is a renamed cell, the identifier is case-insensitive. A
prefix argument n move to cell with coordinates (n\div R,
n \% C) for a spreadsheet of R rows and C columns, and
A1 being of coordinates (0,0). The way the identifier or the
command prefix argument are interpreted can be customized through
variables ses-jump-cell-name-function and
ses-jump-prefix-function.
Point is always at the left edge of a cell, or at the empty endline. When mark is inactive, the current cell is underlined. When mark is active, the range is the highlighted rectangle of cells (SES always uses transient mark mode). Drag the mouse from A1 to A3 to create the range A1-A2. Many SES commands operate only on single cells, not ranges.
Set mark at point (set-mark-command).
Turn off the mark (keyboard-quit).
Highlight current row (ses-mark-row).
Highlight current column (ses-mark-column).
Highlight all cells (mark-whole-buffer).
To insert a value into a cell, simply type a numeric expression, ‘"double-quoted text"’, or a Lisp expression.
Self-insert a digit (ses-read-cell).
Self-insert a negative number (ses-read-cell).
Self-insert a fractional number (ses-read-cell).
Self-insert a quoted string. The ending double-quote
is inserted for you (ses-read-cell).
Self-insert an expression. The right-parenthesis is inserted for you
(ses-read-cell). To access another cell’s value, just use its
identifier in your expression. Whenever the other cell is changed,
this cell’s formula will be reevaluated. While typing in the
expression, you can use the following keys:
to complete symbol names, and
to list the named cells symbols in a help buffer.
Enter a symbol (ses-read-symbol). SES remembers all symbols that have been used as formulas, so you can type just the beginning of a symbol and use SPC, TAB, and ? to complete it.
To enter something else (e.g., a vector), begin with a digit, then erase the digit and type whatever you want.
Edit the existing formula in the current cell (ses-edit-cell).
Force recalculation of the current cell or range (ses-recalculate-cell).
Recalculate the entire spreadsheet (ses-recalculate-all).
Basic commands:
(ses-insert-row)
(ses-insert-column)
(ses-delete-row)
(ses-delete-column)
(ses-set-column-width)
Moves point to the next rightward cell, or inserts a new column if
already at last cell on line, or inserts a new row if at endline
(ses-forward-or-insert).
Linefeed inserts below the current row and moves to column A
(ses-append-row-jump-first-column).
Resizing the spreadsheet (unless you’re just changing a column width) relocates all the cell-references in formulas so they still refer to the same cells. If a formula mentioned B1 and you insert a new first row, the formula will now mention B2.
If you delete a cell that a formula refers to, the cell-symbol is
deleted from the formula, so (+ A1 B1 C1) after deleting the third
column becomes (+ A1 B1). In case this is not what you wanted:
Undo previous action ((undo)).
Printer functions convert binary cell values into the print forms that Emacs will display on the screen.
When configuring what printer function applies (see Configuring what printer function applies), you can enter a printer function as one of the following:
(lambda (x)
(cond
((null x) "")
((numberp x) (format "%.2f" x))
(t (ses-center-span x ?# 'ses-prin1))))
While typing in a lambda, you can use M-TAB to complete the names of symbols.
Each cell has a printer. If nil, the column-printer for the cell’s
column is used. If that is also nil, the default-printer for the
spreadsheet is used.
Enter a printer for current cell or range (ses-read-cell-printer).
Enter a printer for the current column (ses-read-column-printer).
Enter the default printer for the spreadsheet
(ses-read-default-printer).
The ses-read-xxx-printer allows the following commands during editing:
To browse history: the ses-read-xxx-printer commands have
their own minibuffer history, which is preloaded with the set of all
printers used in this spreadsheet, plus the standard printers
(see Standard printer functions) and the local printers
(see Local printer functions).
To complete the local printer symbols, and
To list the local printers in a help buffer.
Except for ses-prin1, the other standard printers are suitable
only for cells, not columns or default, because they format the value
using the column-printer (or default-printer if nil) and then
center the result:
ses-center ¶Just centering.
ses-center-span ¶Centering with spill-over to following blank cells.
ses-dashfill ¶Centering using dashes (-) instead of spaces.
ses-dashfill-span ¶Centering with dashes and spill-over.
ses-tildefill-span ¶Centering with tildes (~) and spill-over.
ses-prin1 ¶This is the fallback printer, used when calling the configured printer throws some error.
You can define printer function local to a sheet with the command
ses-define-local-printer. For instance, define a printer
‘foo’ to "%.2f", and then use symbol ‘foo’ as a
printer function. Then, if you call again
ses-define-local-printer on ‘foo’ to redefine it as
"%.3f", all the cells using printer ‘foo’ will be
reprinted accordingly.
Sometimes there are local printers that you want to define or
re-define automatically every time you open a sheet. For instance
imagine that you want to define/re-define automatically a local
printer euro to display a number like an amount of euros, that
is to say number 3.1 would be displayed as
3.10€. To do so in any non read-only SES buffer,
you can add some code like this to your .emacs init file:
(defun my-ses-mode-hook ()
(unless buffer-read-only
(ses-define-local-printer
'euro
(lambda (x)
(cond
((null x) "")
((numberp x) (format "%.2f€" x))
(t (ses-center-span x ?# 'ses-prin1)))))))
(add-hook 'ses-mode-hook 'my-ses-mode-hook)
If you replace command ses-define-local-printer by function
ses-define-if-new-local-printer
the definition will occur only if a local printer with the same name
in not already defined.
You can write a printer function with a lambda expression taking one argument in two cases:
ses-define-local-printer.
When doing so, please take care that the returned value is a string, or a list containing a string, even when the input argument has an unexpected value. Here is an example:
(lambda (val)
(cond
((null val) "")
((and (numberp val) (>= val 0)) (format "%.1f" val))
(t (ses-center-span val ?# 'ses-prin1))))
This example will:
val is nil), print an
empty string ""
ses-prin1), centered and surrounded by
# filling.
Another precaution to take is to avoid stack overflow due to a
printer function calling itself indefinitely. This mistake can
happen when you use a local printer as a column printer,
and this local printer implicitly calls the current column printer, so it
will call itself recursively. Imagine for instance that you want to
create some local printer =fill that would center the content
of a cell and surround it by equal signs =, and you do it this
way:
(lambda (x) (cond ((null x) "") (t (ses-center x 0 ?=))))
Because =fill uses the standard printer ses-center without
explicitly passing any printer to it, ses-center will call the
current column printer if any, or the spreadsheet default printer
otherwise. So using =fill as a column printer will result in a
stack overflow in this column. SES does not check for that;
you just have to be careful. For instance, re-write =fill like
this:
(lambda (x) (cond ((null x) "") ((stringp x) (ses-center x 0 ?= " %s ")) (t (ses-center-span x ?# 'ses-prin1))))
The code above applies the = filling only to strings; it also
surrounds the string by one space on each side before filling with
= signs. So the string ‘Foo’ will be displayed like ‘=== Foo ===’ in an 11 character wide column. Anything other than an empty cell
or a non-string is displayed as an error by using # filling.
These commands set both formula and printer to nil:
Clear cell and move left (ses-clear-cell-backward).
Clear cell and move right (ses-clear-cell-forward).
The copy functions work on rectangular regions of cells. You can paste the copies into non-SES buffers to export the print text.
Copy the highlighted cells to kill ring and primary clipboard
(kill-ring-save).
Mark a region and copy it to kill ring and primary clipboard
(mouse-set-region).
Mark a region and copy it to kill ring and secondary clipboard
(mouse-set-secondary).
The cut functions do not actually delete rows or columns—they copy
and then clear (ses-kill-override).
Paste from kill ring (yank). The paste functions behave
differently depending on the format of the text being inserted:
Paste from primary clipboard or kill ring (clipboard-yank).
Set point and paste from primary clipboard (mouse-yank-at-click).
Set point and paste from secondary clipboard (mouse-yank-secondary).
Immediately after a paste, you can replace the text with a preceding
element from the kill ring (ses-yank-pop). Unlike the standard
Emacs yank-pop, the SES version uses undo to delete the old
yank. This doesn’t make any difference?
By default, a newly-created spreadsheet has 1 row and 1 column. The column width is 7 and the default printer is ‘"%.7g"’. Each of these can be customized. Look in group “ses”.
After entering a cell value, point normally moves right to the next
cell. You can customize ses-after-entry-functions to move left or
up or down. For diagonal movement, select two functions from the
list.
ses-jump-cell-name-function is a customizable variable by
default set to the upcase function. This function is called
when you pass a cell name to the ses-jump command (j),
it changes the entered cell name to that where to jump. The default
setting upcase allows you to enter the cell name in low
case. Another use of ses-jump-cell-name-function could be some
internationalization to convert non latin characters into latin
equivalents to name the cell. Instead of a cell name, the function may
return cell coordinates in the form of a cons, for instance (0
. 0) for cell A1, (1 . 0) for cell A2, etc.
ses-jump-prefix-function is a customizable variable by default
set to the ses-jump-prefix function. This function is called
when you give a prefix argument to the ses-jump command
(j). It returns a cell name or cell coordinates corresponding to
the prefix argument. Cell coordinates are in the form of a cons, for
instance (1 . 0) for cell A2. The default setting
ses-jump-prefix will number cells left to right and then top
down, so assuming a 4x3 spreadsheet prefix argument 0 jumps to cell
A1, prefix argument 2 jumps to C1, prefix argument 3 jumps to A2, etc.
ses-mode-hook is a normal mode hook (list of functions to
execute when starting SES mode for a buffer).
The variable safe-functions is a list of possibly-unsafe
functions to be treated as safe when analyzing formulas and printers.
See Virus protection. Before customizing safe-functions,
think about how much you trust the person who’s suggesting this
change. The value t turns off all anti-virus protection. A
list-of-functions value might enable a “gee whiz” spreadsheet, but it
also creates trapdoors in your anti-virus armor. In order for virus
protection to work, you must always press n when presented with
a virus warning, unless you understand what the questionable code is
trying to do. Do not listen to those who tell you to customize
enable-local-eval—this variable is for people who don’t wear
safety belts!
(ses-set-header-row).
The header line at the top of the SES
window normally shows the column letter for each column. You can set
it to show a copy of some row, such as a row of column titles, so that
row will always be visible. Default is to set the current row as the
header; use C-u to prompt for header row. Set the header to row 0 to
show column letters again.
Pops up a menu to set the current row as the header, or revert to column letters.
Rename a cell from a standard A1-like name to any string that can be a valid local variable name (See also Nonrelocatable references).
When you interrupt a cell formula update by clicking C-g, then
the cell reference link may be broken, which will jeopardize automatic
cell update when any other cell on which it depends is changed. To
repair that use function ses-repair-cell-reference-all
A SES file consists of a print area and a data area. Normally the buffer is narrowed to show only the print area. The print area is read-only except for special SES commands; it contains cell values formatted by printer functions. The data area records the formula and printer functions, etc.
Show print and data areas (widen).
Show only print area (ses-renarrow-buffer).
Recreate print area by reevaluating printer functions for all cells
(ses-reprint-all).
A formula like
(+ A1 A2 A3)
is the sum of three specific cells. If you insert a new second row, the formula becomes
(+ A1 A3 A4)
and the new row is not included in the sum.
The macro (ses-range from to) evaluates to a list of
the values in a rectangle of cells. If your formula is
(apply '+ (ses-range A1 A3))
and you insert a new second row, it becomes
(apply '+ (ses-range A1 A4))
and the new row is included in the sum.
While entering or editing a formula in the minibuffer, you can select a range in the spreadsheet (using mouse or keyboard), then paste a representation of that range into your formula. Suppose you select A1-C1:
Inserts "A1 B1 C1" (ses-insert-range-click)
Keyboard version (ses-insert-range).
Inserts "(ses-range A1 C1)" (ses-insert-ses-range-click).
Keyboard version (ses-insert-ses-range).
If you delete the from or to cell for a range, the nearest still-existing cell is used instead. If you delete the entire range, the formula relocator will delete the ses-range from the formula.
If you insert a new row just beyond the end of a one-column range, or a new column just beyond a one-row range, the new cell is included in the range. New cells inserted just before a range are not included.
Flags can be added to ses-range immediately after the to
cell.
!Empty cells in range can be removed by adding the ! flag. An
empty cell is a cell the value of which is one of symbols nil
or *skip*. For instance (ses-range A1 A4 !) will do the
same as (list A1 A3) when cells A2 and A4 are
empty.
_Empty cell values are replaced by the argument following flag
_, or 0 when flag _ is last in argument list. For
instance (ses-range A1 A4 _ "empty") will do the same as
(list A1 "empty" A3 "empty") when cells A2 and A4
are empty. Similarly, (ses-range A1 A4 _ ) will do the same as
(list A1 0 A3 0).
>vWhen order matters, list cells by reading cells row-wise from top left to bottom right. This flag is provided for completeness only as it is the default reading order.
<vList cells by reading cells row-wise from top right to bottom left.
v>List cells by reading cells column-wise from top left to bottom right.
v<List cells by reading cells column-wise from top right to bottom left.
vA short hand for v>.
^A short hand for ^>.
>A short hand for >v.
<A short hand for >^.
*Instead of listing cells, it makes a Calc vector or matrix of it (see GNU Emacs Calc Manual). If the range contains only one row or one column a vector is made, otherwise a matrix is made.
*2Same as * except that a matrix is always made even when there
is only one row or column in the range.
*1Same as * except that a vector is always made even when there
is only one row or column in the range, that is to say the
corresponding matrix is flattened.
Sort the cells of a range using one of the columns
(ses-sort-column). The rows (or partial rows if the range
doesn’t include all columns) are rearranged so the chosen column will
be in order.
The easiest way to sort is to click mouse-2 on the chosen column’s header row
(ses-sort-column-click).
The sort comparison uses string<, which works well for
right-justified numbers and left-justified strings.
With prefix arg, sort is in descending order.
Rows are moved one at a time, with relocation of formulas. This works well if formulas refer to other cells in their row, not so well for formulas that refer to other rows in the range or to cells outside the range.
Oftentimes you want a calculation to exclude the blank cells. Here are some useful functions to call from your formulas:
(ses-delete-blanks &rest args)Returns a list from which all blank cells (value is either nil
or ’*skip*) have been deleted. Order of args is reverted. Please note
that ses-range has a ! modifier that allows to remove
blanks, so it is possible to write:
(ses-range A1 A5 !)
instead of
(apply 'ses-delete-blanks (ses-range A1 A5 <))
(ses+ &rest args)Sum of non-blank arguments.
(ses-average list)Average of non-blank elements in list. Here the list is passed
as a single argument, since you’ll probably use it with ses-range.
Special cell values:
If the result from the printer function is too wide for the cell and
the following cell is nil, the result will spill over into the
following cell. Very wide results can spill over several cells. If
the result is too wide for the available space (up to the end of the
row or the next non-nil cell), the result is truncated if the cell’s
value is a string, or replaced with hash marks otherwise.
SES could get confused by printer results that contain newlines or tabs, so these are replaced with question marks.
Confine a cell to its own column (ses-truncate-cell). This
allows you to move point to a rightward cell that would otherwise be
covered by a spill-over. If you don’t change the rightward cell, the
confined cell will spill over again the next time it is reprinted.
When applied to a single cell, this command displays in the echo area
any formula error or printer error that occurred during
recalculation/reprinting (ses-recalculate-cell). You can use
this to undo the effect of t.
When a printer function signals an error, the fallback printer
ses-prin1 is substituted. This is useful when your column printer
is numeric-only and you use a string as a cell value. Note that the
standard default printer is ‘"%.7g"’ which is numeric-only, so cells
that are empty of contain strings will use the fallback printer.
c on such cells will display “Format specifier doesn’t match
argument type”.
Export a range of cells as tab-separated values (ses-export-tsv).
Export a range of cells as tab-separated formulas (ses-export-tsf).
The exported text goes to the kill ring; you can paste it into another buffer. Columns are separated by tabs, rows by newlines.
To import text, use any of the yank commands where the text to paste contains tabs and/or newlines. Imported formulas are not relocated.
Whenever a formula or printer is read from a file or is pasted into
the spreadsheet, it receives a “needs safety check” marking. Later,
when the formula or printer is evaluated for the first time, it is
checked for safety using the unsafep predicate; if found to be
“possibly unsafe”, the questionable formula or printer is displayed
and you must press Y to approve it or N to use a substitute. The
substitute always signals an error.
Formulas or printers that you type in are checked immediately for safety. If found to be possibly unsafe and you press N to disapprove, the action is canceled and the old formula or printer will remain.
Besides viruses (which try to copy themselves to other files),
unsafep can also detect all other kinds of Trojan horses, such as
spreadsheets that delete files, send email, flood Web sites, alter
your Emacs settings, etc.
Generally, spreadsheet formulas and printers are simple things that don’t need to do any fancy computing, so all potentially-dangerous parts of the Emacs Lisp environment can be excluded without cramping your style as a formula-writer. See the documentation in unsafep.el for more info on how Lisp forms are classified as safe or unsafe.
A common organization for spreadsheets is to have a bunch of “detail”
rows, each perhaps describing a transaction, and then a set of
“summary” rows that each show reduced data for some subset of the
details. SES supports this organization via the ses-select
function.
(ses-select fromrange test torange)Returns a subset of torange. For each member in fromrange that is equal to test, the corresponding member of torange is included in the result.
Example of use:
(ses-average (ses-select (ses-range A1 A5) 'Smith (ses-range B1 B5)))
This computes the average of the B column values for those rows whose A column value is the symbol ’Smith.
Arguably one could specify only fromrange plus to-row-offset and to-column-offset. The torange is stated explicitly to ensure that the formula will be recalculated if any cell in either range is changed.
File etc/ses-example.el in the Emacs distribution is an example of a details-and-summary spreadsheet.
To save time by avoiding redundant computations, cells that need recalculation due to changes in other cells are added to a set. At the end of the command, each cell in the set is recalculated once. This can create a new set of cells that need recalculation. The process is repeated until either the set is empty or it stops changing (due to circular references among the cells). In extreme cases, you might see progress messages of the form “Recalculating... (nnn cells left)”. If you interrupt the calculation using C-g, the spreadsheet will be left in an inconsistent state, so use C-_ or C-c C-l to fix it.
To save even more time by avoiding redundant writes, cells that have changes are added to a set instead of being written immediately to the data area. Each cell in the set is written once, at the end of the command. If you change vast quantities of cells, you might see a progress message of the form “Writing... (nnn cells left)”. These deferred cell-writes cannot be interrupted by C-g, so you’ll just have to wait.
SES uses run-with-idle-timer to move the cell underline when
Emacs will be scrolling the buffer after the end of a command, and
also to narrow and underline after C-x C-v. This is visible as
a momentary glitch after C-x C-v and certain scrolling commands. You
can type ahead without worrying about the glitch.
C-y relocates all cell-references in a pasted formula, while C-u C-y relocates none of the cell-references. What about mixed cases?
The best way is to rename cells that you do not want to be relocatable
by using ses-rename-cell.
Cells that do not have an A1-like name style are not relocated on
yank. Using this method, the concerned cells won’t be relocated
whatever formula they appear in. Please note however that when a
formula contains some range (ses-range cell1 cell2)
then in the yanked formula each range bound cell1 and
cell2 are relocated, or not, independently, depending on whether
they are A1-like or renamed.
An alternative method is to use
(symbol-value 'B3)
to make an absolute reference. The formula relocator skips over
quoted things, so this will not be relocated when pasted or when
rows/columns are inserted/deleted. However, B3 will not be recorded
as a dependency of this cell, so this cell will not be updated
automatically when B3 is changed, this is why using
ses-rename-cell is most of the time preferable.
The variables row and col are dynamically bound while a
cell formula is being evaluated. You can use
(ses-cell-value row 0)
to get the value from the leftmost column in the current row. This kind of dependency is also not recorded.
Begins with an 014 character, followed by sets of cell-definition macros for each row, followed by the set of local printer definitions, followed by column-widths, column-printers, default-printer, and header-row. Then there’s the global parameters (file-format ID, row count, column count, local printer count) and the local variables (specifying SES mode for the buffer, etc.).
When a SES file is loaded, first the global parameters are
loaded, then the entire data area is evaled, and finally the local
variables are processed.
You can edit the data area, but don’t insert or delete any newlines except in the local-variables part, since SES locates things by counting newlines. Use C-x C-e at the end of a line to install your edits into the spreadsheet data structures (this does not update the print area, use, e.g., C-c C-l for that).
The data area is maintained as an image of spreadsheet data structures that area stored in buffer-local variables. If the data area gets messed up, you can try reconstructing the data area from the data structures:
(ses-reconstruct-all).
You can add additional local variables to the list at the bottom of the data area, such as hidden constants you want to refer to in your formulas.
You can override the variable ses--symbolic-formulas to be a list of
symbols (as parenthesized strings) to show as completions for the '
command. This initial completions list is used instead of the actual
set of symbols-as-formulas in the spreadsheet.
For an example of this, see file etc/ses-example.ses.
If (for some reason) you want your formulas or printers to save data into variables, you must declare these variables as buffer-locals in order to avoid a virus warning.
You can define functions by making them values for the fake local
variable eval. Such functions can then be used in your
formulas and printers, but usually each eval is presented to
the user during file loading as a potential virus. This can get
annoying.
You can define functions in your .emacs file. Other people can still read the print area of your spreadsheet, but they won’t be able to recalculate or reprint anything that depends on your functions. To avoid virus warnings, each function used in a formula needs
(put 'your-function-name 'safe-function t)
undo-moreDefines a new undo element format (fun . args), which means “undo by applying fun to args”. For spreadsheet buffers, it allows undos in the data area even though that’s outside the narrowing.
copy-region-as-killWhen copying from the print area of a spreadsheet, treat the region as a rectangle and attach each cell’s formula and printer as ’ses properties.
yankWhen yanking into the print area of a spreadsheet, first try to yank as cells (if the yank text has ’ses properties), then as tab-separated formulas, then (if all else fails) as a single formula for the current cell.
Coding by:
Jonathan Yavner, Stefan Monnier, Shigeru Fukaya
Texinfo manual by:
Jonathan Yavner, Brad Collins
Ideas from:
Christoph Conrad, CyberBob, Syver Enstad, Ami Fischman, Thomas Gehrlein, Chris F.A. Johnson, Yusong Li, Juri Linkov, Harald Maier, Alan Nash, François Pinard, Pedro Pinto, Stefan Reichör, Oliver Scholz, Richard M. Stallman, Luc Teirlinck, J. Otto Tennant, Jean-Philippe Theberge
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To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.