This manual explains how GNU findutils is maintained, how changes should be made and tested, and what resources exist to help developers.
This document corresponds to version 4.9.0 of the GNU findutils.
Copyright © 2007–2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
This document explains how to contribute to and maintain GNU Findutils. It concentrates on developer-specific issues. For information about how to use the software please refer to See Introduction in The Findutils manual.
This manual aims to be useful without necessarily being verbose. It’s also a recent document, so there will be a many areas in which improvements can be made. If you find that the document misses out important information or any part of the document is be so terse as to be unuseful, please ask for help on the bug-findutils@gnu.org mailing list. We’ll try to improve this document too.
GNU Findutils is part of the GNU Project and so there are a number of documents which set out standards for the maintenance of GNU software.
GNU Project Coding Standards. All changes to findutils should comply with these standards. In some areas we go somewhat beyond the requirements of the standards, but these cases are explained in this manual.
Information for Maintainers of GNU Software. This document provides guidance for GNU maintainers. Everybody with commit access should read this document. Everybody else is welcome to do so too, of course.
The findutils package is installed on many many systems, usually as a fundamental component. The programs in the package are often used in order to successfully boot or fix the system.
This fact means that for findutils we bear in mind considerations that may not apply so much as for other packages. For example, the fact that findutils is often a base component motivates us to
All those considerations come before functionality. Functional enhancements are still made to findutils, but these are almost exclusively introduced in the ’development’ release branch, to allow extensive testing and proving.
Sometimes it is useful to have a priority list to provide guidance when making design trade-offs. For findutils, that priority list is:
For example, we support the -exec action because POSIX
compliance requires this, even though there are security problems with
it and we would otherwise prefer people to use -execdir. There
are also cases where some performance is sacrificed in the name of
security. For example, the sanity checks that find performs
while traversing a directory tree may slow it down. We adopt
functional changes, and functional changes are allowed to make
find slower, but only if there is no detectable impact on users
who don’t use the feature.
Backward-incompatible changes do get made in order to comply with
standards (for example the behaviour of -perm -... changed in
order to comply with POSIX). However, they don’t get made in order to
provide better ease of use; for example the semantics of -size
-2G are almost always unexpected by users, but we retain the current
behaviour because of backward compatibility and for its similarity to
the block-rounding behaviour of -size -30. We might introduce
a change which does not have the unfortunate rounding behaviour, but
we would choose another syntax (for example -size '<2G') for
this.
In a general sense, we try to do test-driven development of the
findutils code; that is, we try to implement test cases for new
features and bug fixes before modifying the code to make the test
pass. Some features of the code are tested well, but the test
coverage for other features is less good. If you are about to modify
the code for a predicate and aren’t sure about the test coverage, use
grep on the test directories and measure the coverage with
lcov or another test coverage tool.
You should be able to use the coverage Makefile target (it’s
defined in maint.mk to generate a test coverage report for
findutils. Due to limitations in lcov, this only works if
your build directory is the same asthe source directory (that is,
you’re not using a VPATH build configuration).
Lastly, we try not to depend on having a “working system”. The
findutils suite is used for diagnosis of problems, and this applies
especially to find. We should ensure that find still
works on relatively broken systems, for example systems with damaged
/etc/passwd or /etc/fstab files. Another interesting
example is the case where a system is a client of one or more
unresponsive NFS servers. On such a system, if you try to stat all
mount points, your program will hang indefinitely, waiting for the
remote NFS server to respond.
Another interesting but unusual case is broken NFS servers and corrupt filesystems; sometimes they return ‘impossible’ file modes. It’s important that find does not entirely fail when encountering such a file.
Coding style documents which set out to establish a uniform look and feel to source code have worthy goals, for example greater ease of maintenance and readability. However, I do not believe that in general coding style guide authors can envisage every situation, and it is always possible that it might on occasion be necessary to break the letter of the style guide in order to honour its spirit, or to better achieve the style guide’s goals.
I’ve certainly seen many style guides outside the free software world
which make bald statements such as “functions shall have exactly one
return statement”. The desire to ensure consistency and obviousness
of control flow is laudable, but it is all too common for such bald
requirements to be followed unthinkingly. Certainly I’ve seen such
coding standards result in unmaintainable code with terrible
infelicities such as functions containing if statements nested
nine levels deep. I suppose such coding standards don’t survive in
free software projects because they tend to drive away potential
contributors or tend to generate heated discussions on mailing lists.
Equally, a nine-level-deep function in a free software program would
quickly get refactored, assuming it is obvious what the function is
supposed to do...
Be that as it may, the approach I will take for this document is to explain some idioms and practices in use in the findutils source code, and leave it up to the reader’s engineering judgement to decide which considerations apply to the code they are working on, and whether or not there is sufficient reason to ignore the guidance in current circumstances.
Finding bugs is tedious. If I have a filesystem containing two million files, and a find command line should print one million of them, but in fact it misses out 1%, you can tell the program is printing the wrong result only if you know the right answer for that filesystem at that time. If you don’t know this, you may just not find out about that bug. For this reason it is important to have a comprehensive test suite.
The test suite is of course not the only way to find the bugs. The findutils source code makes liberal use of the assert macro. While on the one hand these might be a performance drain, the performance impact of most of these is negligible compared to the time taken to fetch even one sector from a disk drive.
Assertions should not be used to check the results of operations which may be affected by the program’s external environment. For example, never assert that a file could be opened successfully. Errors relating to problems with the program’s execution environment should be diagnosed with a user-oriented error message. An assertion failure should always denote a bug in the program.
Avoid using assert to mark not-fully-implemented features of
your code as such. Finish the implementation, disable the code, or
leave the unfinished version on a local branch.
Several programs in the findutils suite perform self-checks. See for
example the function pred_sanity_check in find/pred.c.
This is generally desirable.
There are also a number of small ways in which we can help the compiler to find the bugs for us.
It’s a common error to write = when == is meant.
Sometimes this happens in new code and is simply due to finger
trouble. Sometimes it is the result of the inadvertent deletion of a
character. In any case, there is a subset of cases where we can
persuade the compiler to generate an error message when we make this
mistake; this is where the equality test is with a constant.
This is an example of a vulnerable piece of code.
if (x == 2) ...
A simple typo converts the above into
if (x = 2) ...
We’ve introduced a bug; the condition is always true, and the value of
x has been changed. However, a simple change to our practice
would have made us immune to this problem:
if (2 == x) ...
Usually, the Emacs keystroke M-t can be used to swap the operands.
Strings in C are just sequences of characters terminated by a NUL. The ASCII NUL character has the numerical value zero. It is normally represented in C code as ‘\0’. Here is a typical piece of C code:
*p = '\0';
Consider what happens if there is an unfortunate typo:
*p = '0';
We have changed the meaning of our program and the compiler cannot diagnose this as an error. Our string is no longer terminated. Bad things will probably happen. It would be better if the compiler could help us diagnose this problem.
In C, the type of '\0' is in fact int, not char. This provides
us with a simple way to avoid this error. The constant 0 has
the same value and type as the constant '\0'. However, it is
not as vulnerable to typos. For this reason I normally prefer to
use this code:
*p = 0;
Repeated code imposes a greater maintenance burden and increases the exposure to bugs. For example, if you discover that something you want to implement has some similarity with an existing piece of code, don’t cut and paste it. Instead, factor the code out. The risk of cutting and pasting the code, particularly if you do this several times, is that you end up with several copies of the same code.
If the original code had a bug, you now have N places where this needs to be fixed. It’s all to easy to miss some out when trying to fix the bug. Equally, it’s quite possible that when pasting the code into some function, the pasted code was not quite adapted correctly to its new environment. To pick a contrived example, perhaps it modifies a global variable which it (that [original] code) shouldn’t be touching in its new home. Worse, perhaps it makes some unstated assumption about the nature of the input arguments which is in fact not true for the context of the now duplicated code.
A good example of the use of refactoring in findutils is the
collect_arg function in find/parser.c.
The findutils test suite is comprehensive enough that refactoring code should not generally be a daunting prospect from a testing point of view. Nevertheless there are some areas which are only lightly-tested:
Please exercise caution when working in those areas.
Debug and diagnostic code is often used to verify that a program is
working in the way its author thinks it should be. But users are
often uncertain about what a program is doing, too. Exposing them a
little more diagnostic information can help. Much of the diagnostic
code in find, for example, is controlled by the ‘-D’ flag,
as opposed to C preprocessor directives.
Making diagnostic messages available to users also means that the phrasing of the diagnostic messages becomes important, too.
People use find to search in directories created by other
people. Sometimes they do this to check to suspicious activity (for
example to look for new setuid binaries). This means that it would be
bad if find were vulnerable to, say, a security problem
exploitable by constructing a specially-crafted filename. The same
consideration would apply to locate and updatedb.
Henry Spencer said this well in his fifth commandment:
Thou shalt check the array bounds of all strings (indeed, all arrays), for surely where thou typest ‘foo’ someone someday shall type ‘supercalifragilisticexpialidocious’.
Symbolic links can often be a problem. If find calls
lstat on something and discovers that it is a directory, it’s
normal for find to recurse into it. Even if the chdir
system call is used immediately, there is still a window of
opportunity between the lstat and the chdir in which a
malicious person could rename the directory and substitute a symbolic
link to some other directory.
The filesystem gets modified while you are traversing it. For,
example, it’s normal for files to get deleted while find is
traversing a directory. Issuing an error message seems helpful when a
file is deleted from the one directory you are interested in, but if
find is searching 15000 directories, such a message becomes
less helpful.
Bear in mind also that it is possible for the directory find is
searching to be concurrently moved elsewhere in the file system,
and that the directory in which find was started could be
deleted.
Henry Spencer’s sixth commandment is also apposite here:
If a function be advertised to return an error code in the event of difficulties, thou shalt check for that code, yea, even though the checks triple the size of thy code and produce aches in thy typing fingers, for if thou thinkest “it cannot happen to me”, the gods shall surely punish thee for thy arrogance.
There are a lot of files out there. They come in all dates and sizes. There is a condition out there in the real world to exercise every bit of the code base. So we try to test that code base before someone falls over a bug.
Most of the tools required to build findutils are mentioned in the file README-hacking. We also use some other tools:
Much of the execution time of find is spent waiting for filesystem
operations. A system call trace (for example, that provided by
strace) shows what system calls are being made. Using this
information we can work to remove unnecessary file system operations.
Valgrind is a tool which dynamically verifies the memory accesses a program makes to ensure that they are valid (for example, that the behaviour of the program does not in any way depend on the contents of uninitialized memory).
DejaGnu is the test framework used to run the findutils test suite
(the runtest program is part of DejaGnu). It would be ideal if
everybody building findutils also ran the test suite, but many
people don’t have DejaGnu installed. When changes are made to
findutils, DejaGnu is invoked a lot. See Testing, for more
information.
The Gnulib library (https://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/) makes a variety of systems look more like a GNU/Linux system and also applies a bunch of automatic bug fixes and workarounds. Some of these also apply to GNU/Linux systems too. For example, the Gnulib regex implementation is used when we determine that we are building on a GNU libc system with a bug in the regex implementation.
Gnulib does not have a release process which results in a source tarball you can download. Instead, the code is simply made available by GIT, so we import gnulib via the submodule feature. The bootstrap script performs the necessary steps.
Findutils does not use all the Gnulib code. The modules we need are listed in the file bootstrap.conf.
The upshot of all this is that we can use the findutils git repository to track which version of Gnulib every findutils release uses.
A small number of files are installed by automake and will therefore vary according to which version of automake was used to generate a release. This includes for example boiler-plate GNU files such as ABOUT-NLS, INSTALL and COPYING.
Gnulib is used by quite a number of GNU projects, and this means that it gets plenty of testing. Therefore there are relatively few bugs in the Gnulib code, but it does happen from time to time.
However, since there is no waiting around for a Gnulib source release tarball, Gnulib bugs are generally fixed quickly. Here is an outline of the way we would contribute a fix to Gnulib (assuming you know it is not already fixed in the current Gnulib git tree):
Download the Findutils source code from git (or use the tree you have already)
Build findutils and run the test suite, which should pass. In our example we assume you have just noticed a bug in Gnulib, not that recent Gnulib changes broke the findutils regression tests.
If in fact Gnulib did break the findutils regression tests, you can probably skip this step, since you already have a test case demonstrating the problem. Otherwise, write a findutils test case for the bug and/or a Gnulib test case.
Make sure your editor follows symbolic links so that your changes to gnulib/... actually affect the files in the git working directory you checked out earlier. Observe that your test now passes.
In the gnulib subdirectory, use git format-patch to prepare the
patch. Follow the normal usage for checkin comments (take a look at
the output of git log). Check that the patch conforms with the
GNU coding standards, and email it to the Gnulib mailing list.
Once your bug fix has been applied, you can update your gnulib
directory from git, and then check in the change to the submodule as
normal (you can check git help submodule for details).
There is an alternative to the method above; it is possible to store local diffs to be patched into gnulib beneath the gnulib-local. Normally however, there is no need for this, since gnulib updates are very prompt.
With a non-dirty working tree, the command make update-gnulib-to-latest
(or the shorter alias make gnulib-sync allows, well, to update the
gnulib submodule. In detail, that is:
git status for the gnulib submodule
and the above copied files.
After that, the maintainer compares if all is correct, if the findutils build
and run correct, and finally commits with the new gnulib version, e.g. via
git gui.
The gnulib-sync target can be run any time - after a configure
run -, and only rejects to run if the working tree is dirty.
The findutils git tree includes several different types of documentation.
The git change log for the source tree contains check-in messages which describe each check-in. These have a standard format:
Summary of the change. (ChangeLog-style detail)
Here, the format of the detail part follows the standard GNU ChangeLog
style, but without whitespace in the left margin and without
author/date headers. Take a look at the output of git log to
see some examples. The README-hacking file also contains an example
with an explanation.
User-oriented documentation is provided as manual pages and in Texinfo. See Introduction in The Findutils manual.
Please make sure both sets of documentation are updated if you make a change to the code. The GNU coding standards do not normally call for maintaining manual pages on the grounds of effort duplication. However, the manual page format is more convenient for quick reference, and so it’s worth maintaining both types of documentation. However, the manual pages are normally rather more terse than the Texinfo documentation. The manual pages are suitable for reference use, but the Texinfo manual should also include introductory and tutorial material.
We make the user documentation available on the web, on the GNU project web site. These web pages are source-controlled via CVS (still!). If you are a member of the ‘findutils’ project on Savannah you should be able to check the web pages out like this (‘$USER’ is a placeholder for your Savannah username):
cvs -d :ext:$USER@cvs.savannah.gnu.org:/web/findutils checkout findutils/manual
You can automatically update the documentation in this repository by using the script ‘build-aux/update-online-manual.sh’ with the path to the findutils Git repository as parameter.
build-aux/update-online-manual.sh $HOME/git/findutils
That script will generate the documentation in the directory
‘doc/manual/’
by calling the make target ‘web-manual’;
then it will copy over the files into the CVS checkout.
There you can check the documentation once again before committing to CVS. The Savannah CVS server will automatically initiate the transfer to the web server.
Describes the Free Translation Project, the translation status of various GNU projects, and how to participate by translating an application.
Lists the authors of findutils.
The copyright license covering findutils; currently, the GNU GPL, version 3.
Generic installation instructions for installing GNU programs.
Information about how to compile findutils in particular
Describes how to build findutils from the code in git.
Thanks for people who contributed to findutils. Generally, if someone’s contribution was significant enough to need a copyright assignment, their name should go in here.
Mainly obsolete. Please add bugs to the Savannah bug tracker instead of adding entries to this file.
Enumerates the user-visible change in each release. Typical changes are fixed bugs, functionality changes and documentation changes. Include the date when a release is made.
This file enumerates all changes to the findutils source code (with
the possible exception of .cvsignore and .gitignore
changes). The level of detail used for this file should be sufficient
to answer the questions “what changed?” and “why was it changed?”.
The file is generated from the git commit messages during make dist.
If a change fixes a bug, always give the bug reference number in the
NEWS file and of course also in the checkin message.
In general, it should be possible to enumerate all
material changes to a function by searching for its name in
ChangeLog. Mention when each release is made.
This chapter will explain the general procedures for adding tests to the test suite, and the functions defined in the findutils-specific DejaGnu configuration. Where appropriate references will be made to the DejaGnu documentation.
Bugs are logged in the Savannah bug tracker https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=findutils. The tracker offers several fields but their use is largely obvious. The life-cycle of a bug is like this:
Someone, usually a maintainer, a distribution maintainer or a user, creates a bug by filling in the form. They fill in field values as they see fit. This will generate an email to bug-findutils@gnu.org.
The bug hangs around with ‘Status=None’ until someone begins to work on it. At that point they set the “Assigned To” field and will sometimes set the status to ‘In Progress’, especially if the bug will take a while to fix.
Quite a lot of reports are not actually bugs; for these the usual procedure is to explain why the problem is not a bug, set the status to ‘Invalid’ and close the bug. Make sure you set the ‘Assigned to’ field to yourself before closing the bug.
When you commit a bug fix into git (or in the case of a contributed patch, commit the change), mark the bug as ‘Fixed’. Make sure you include a new test case where this is relevant. If you can figure out which releases are affected, please also set the ‘Release’ field to the earliest release which is affected by the bug. Indicate which source branch the fix is included in (for example, 4.2.x or 4.3.x). Don’t close the bug yet.
When a release is made which includes the bug fix, make sure the bug is listed in the NEWS file. Once the release is made, fill in the ‘Fixed Release’ field and close the bug.
Almost all GNU/Linux distributions include findutils, but only some of them have a package maintainer who is a member of the mailing list. Distributions don’t often feed back patches to the bug-findutils@gnu.org list, but on the other hand many of their patches relate only to standards for file locations and so forth, and are therefore distribution specific. On an irregular basis I check the current patches being used by one or two distributions, but the total number of GNU/Linux distributions is large enough that we could not hope to cover them all.
Often, bugs are raised against a distribution’s bug tracker instead of GNU’s. Periodically (about every six months) I take a look at some of the more accessible bug trackers to indicate which bugs have been fixed upstream.
Many distributions include both findutils and the slocate package,
which provides a replacement locate.
Translation is essentially automated from the maintainer’s point of view. The TP mails the maintainer when a new PO file is available, and we just download it and check it in. The bootstrap script copies .po files into the working tree. For more information, please see https://translationproject.org/domain/findutils.html.
See Security Considerations in The Findutils manual, for a full description of the findutils approach to security considerations and discussion of particular tools.
If someone reports a security bug publicly, we should fix this as rapidly as possible. If necessary, this can mean issuing a fixed release containing just the one bug fix. We try to avoid issuing releases which include both significant security fixes and functional changes.
Where someone reports a security problem privately, we generally try to construct and test a patch without pushing the intermediate code to the public repository.
Once everything has been tested, this allows us to make a release and push the patch. The advantage of doing things this way is that we avoid situations where people watching for git commits can figure out and exploit a security problem before a fixed release is available.
It’s important that security problems be fixed promptly, but don’t rush so much that things go wrong. Make sure the new release really fixes the problem. It’s usually best not to include functional changes in your security-fix release.
If the security problem is serious, send an alert to vendor-sec@lst.de. The members of the list include most GNU/Linux distributions. The point of doing this is to allow them to prepare to release your security fix to their customers, once the fix becomes available. Here is an example alert:-
GNU findutils heap buffer overrun (potential privilege escalation) I. BACKGROUND ============= GNU findutils is a set of programs which search for files on Unix-like systems. It is maintained by the GNU Project of the Free Software Foundation. For more information, see https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils. II. DESCRIPTION =============== When GNU locate reads filenames from an old-format locate database, they are read into a fixed-length buffer allocated on the heap. Filenames longer than the 1026-byte buffer can cause a buffer overrun. The overrunning data can be chosen by any person able to control the names of filenames created on the local system. This will normally include all local users, but in many cases also remote users (for example in the case of FTP servers allowing uploads). III. ANALYSIS ============= Findutils supports three different formats of locate database, its native format "LOCATE02", the slocate variant of LOCATE02, and a traditional ("old") format that locate uses on other Unix systems. When locate reads filenames from a LOCATE02 database (the default format), the buffer into which data is read is automatically extended to accommodate the length of the filenames. This automatic buffer extension does not happen for old-format databases. Instead a 1026-byte buffer is used. When a longer pathname appears in the locate database, the end of this buffer is overrun. The buffer is allocated on the heap (not the stack). If the locate database is in the default LOCATE02 format, the locate program does perform automatic buffer extension, and the program is not vulnerable to this problem. The software used to build the old-format locate database is not itself vulnerable to the same attack. Most installations of GNU findutils do not use the old database format, and so will not be vulnerable. IV. DETECTION ============= Software -------- All existing releases of findutils are affected. Installations ------------- To discover the longest path name on a given system, you can use the following command (requires GNU findutils and GNU coreutils):
find / -print0 | tr -c '\0' 'x' | tr '\0' '\n' | wc -L
V. EXAMPLE ========== This section includes a shell script which determines which of a list of locate binaries is vulnerable to the problem. The shell script has been tested only on glibc based systems having a mktemp binary. NOTE: This script deliberately overruns the buffer in order to determine if a binary is affected. Therefore running it on your system may have undesirable effects. We recommend that you read the script before running it.
#! /bin/sh
set +m
if vanilla_db="$(mktemp nicedb.XXXXXX)" ; then
if updatedb --prunepaths="" --old-format --localpaths="/tmp" \
--output="$@{vanilla_db@}" ; then
true
else
rm -f "$@{vanilla_db@}"
vanilla_db=""
echo "Failed to create old-format locate database; skipping the sanity checks" >&2
fi
fi
make_overrun_db() @{
# Start with a valid database
cat "$@{vanilla_db@}"
# Make the final entry really long
dd if=/dev/zero bs=1 count=1500 2>/dev/null | tr '\000' 'x'
@}
ulimit -c 0
usage() @{ echo "usage: $0 binary [binary...]" >&2; exit $1; @}
[ $# -eq 0 ] && usage 1
bad=""
good=""
ugly=""
if dbfile="$(mktemp nasty.XXXXXX)"
then
make_overrun_db > "$dbfile"
for locate ; do
ver="$locate = $("$locate" --version | head -1)"
if [ -z "$vanilla_db" ] || "$locate" -d "$vanilla_db" "" >/dev/null ; then
"$locate" -d "$dbfile" "" >/dev/null
if [ $? -gt 128 ] ; then
bad="$bad
vulnerable: $ver"
else
good="$good
good: $ver"
fi
else
# the regular locate failed
ugly="$ugly
buggy, may or may not be vulnerable: $ver"
fi
done
rm -f "$@{dbfile@}" "$@{vanilla_db@}"
# good: unaffected. bad: affected (vulnerable).
# ugly: doesn't even work for a normal old-format database.
echo "$good"
echo "$bad"
echo "$ugly"
else
exit 1
fi
VI. VENDOR RESPONSE =================== The GNU project discovered the problem while 'locate' was being worked on; this is the first public announcement of the problem. The GNU findutils mantainer has issued a patch as p[art of this announcement. The patch appears below. A source release of findutils-4.2.31 will be issued on 2007-05-30. That release will of course include the patch. The patch will be committed to the public CVS repository at the same time. Public announcements of the release, including a description of the bug, will be made at the same time as the release. A release of findutils-4.3.x will follow and will also include the patch. VII. PATCH ========== This patch should apply to findutils-4.2.23 and later. Findutils-4.2.23 was released almost two years ago.
Index: locate/locate.c
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvsroot/findutils/findutils/locate/locate.c,v
retrieving revision 1.58.2.2
diff -u -p -r1.58.2.2 locate.c
--- locate/locate.c 22 Apr 2007 16:57:42 -0000 1.58.2.2
+++ locate/locate.c 28 May 2007 10:18:16 -0000
@@@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@@@ extern int errno;
#include "locatedb.h"
#include <getline.h>
-#include "../gnulib/lib/xalloc.h"
-#include "../gnulib/lib/error.h"
-#include "../gnulib/lib/human.h"
+#include "xalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "human.h"
#include "dirname.h"
#include "closeout.h"
#include "nextelem.h"
@@@@ -468,10 +468,36 @@@@ visit_justprint_unquoted(struct process_
return VISIT_CONTINUE;
@}
+static void
+toolong (struct process_data *procdata)
+@{
+ error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0,
+ _("locate database %s contains a "
+ "filename longer than locate can handle"),
+ procdata->dbfile);
+@}
+
+static void
+extend (struct process_data *procdata, size_t siz1, size_t siz2)
+@{
+ /* Figure out if the addition operation is safe before performing it. */
+ if (SIZE_MAX - siz1 < siz2)
+ @{
+ toolong (procdata);
+ @}
+ else if (procdata->pathsize < (siz1+siz2))
+ @{
+ procdata->pathsize = siz1+siz2;
+ procdata->original_filename = x2nrealloc (procdata->original_filename,
+ &procdata->pathsize,
+ 1);
+ @}
+@}
+
static int
visit_old_format(struct process_data *procdata, void *context)
@{
- register char *s;
+ register size_t i;
(void) context;
/* Get the offset in the path where this path info starts. */
@@@@ -479,20 +505,35 @@@@ visit_old_format(struct process_data *pr
procdata->count += getw (procdata->fp) - LOCATEDB_OLD_OFFSET;
else
procdata->count += procdata->c - LOCATEDB_OLD_OFFSET;
+ assert(procdata->count > 0);
- /* Overlay the old path with the remainder of the new. */
- for (s = procdata->original_filename + procdata->count;
+ /* Overlay the old path with the remainder of the new. Read
+ * more data until we get to the next filename.
+ */
+ for (i=procdata->count;
(procdata->c = getc (procdata->fp)) > LOCATEDB_OLD_ESCAPE;)
- if (procdata->c < 0200)
- *s++ = procdata->c; /* An ordinary character. */
- else
- @{
- /* Bigram markers have the high bit set. */
- procdata->c &= 0177;
- *s++ = procdata->bigram1[procdata->c];
- *s++ = procdata->bigram2[procdata->c];
- @}
- *s-- = '\0';
+ @{
+ if (procdata->c < 0200)
+ @{
+ /* An ordinary character. */
+ extend (procdata, i, 1u);
+ procdata->original_filename[i++] = procdata->c;
+ @}
+ else
+ @{
+ /* Bigram markers have the high bit set. */
+ extend (procdata, i, 2u);
+ procdata->c &= 0177;
+ procdata->original_filename[i++] = procdata->bigram1[procdata->c];
+ procdata->original_filename[i++] = procdata->bigram2[procdata->c];
+ @}
+ @}
+
+ /* Consider the case where we executed the loop body zero times; we
+ * still need space for the terminating null byte.
+ */
+ extend (procdata, i, 1u);
+ procdata->original_filename[i] = 0;
procdata->munged_filename = procdata->original_filename;
VIII. THANKS ============ Thanks to Rob Holland <rob@inversepath.com> and Tavis Ormandy. VIII. CVE INFORMATION ===================== No CVE candidate number has yet been assigned for this vulnerability. If someone provides one, I will include it in the public announcement and change logs.
The original announcement above was sent out with a cleartext PGP signature, of course, but that has been omitted from the example.
Once a fixed release is available, announce the new release using the normal channels. Any CVE number assigned for the problem should be included in the ChangeLog and NEWS entries. See https://cve.mitre.org/ for an explanation of CVE numbers.
This section will explain how to make a findutils release. For the time being here is a terse description of the main steps:
--enable-compiler-warnings --enable-compiler-warnings-are-errors.
env RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes make distcheck.
Bugs >
Edit Field Values menu item. Add a field value for the release you
are about to make so that users can report bugs in it.
git tag -s -m "Findutils release X.Y.Z" vX.Y.Z
make distcheck.
Copy the tarball somewhere safe.
git push origin tag vX.Y.Z
build-aux/gnupload --to ftp.gnu.org:findutils findutils-X.Y.Z.tar.xz
Use alpha.gnu.org:findutils for an alpha or beta release.
See Automated FTP
Uploads in Information for Maintainers of GNU Software,
for detailed upload instructions.
* Major changes in release ?.?.?, YYYY-MM-DD
and update the old_NEWS_hash in cfg.mk with
make update-NEWS-hash.
Commit both changes.
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. https://fsf.org/ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.