Next: Using History Interactively [Contents][Index]
This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool that provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of previously typed input.
Next: Programming with GNU History, Previous: GNU History Library, Up: GNU History Library [Contents][Index]
This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively, from a user’s standpoint. It should be considered a user’s guide. For information on using the GNU History Library in your own programs, see Programming with GNU History.
The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
to the history expansion provided by csh. This section
describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly.
History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list should be used during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is called the event, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are called words. Various modifiers are available to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expansion character, which is ‘!’ by default.
History expansion implements shell-like quoting conventions: a backslash can be used to remove the special handling for the next character; single quotes enclose verbatim sequences of characters, and can be used to inhibit history expansion; and characters enclosed within double quotes may be subject to history expansion, since backslash can escape the history expansion character, but single quotes may not, since they are not treated specially within double quotes.
Next: Word Designators, Up: History Expansion [Contents][Index]
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current position in the history list.
!Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, the end of the line, or ‘=’.
!nRefer to command line n.
!-nRefer to the command n lines back.
!!Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for ‘!-1’.
!stringRefer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list starting with string.
!?string[?]Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list containing string. The trailing ‘?’ may be omitted if the string is followed immediately by a newline. If string is missing, the string from the most recent search is used; it is an error if there is no previous search string.
^string1^string2^Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing string1
with string2. Equivalent to
!!:s^string1^string2^.
!#The entire command line typed so far.
Next: Modifiers, Previous: Event Designators, Up: History Expansion [Contents][Index]
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A ‘:’ separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a ‘^’, ‘$’, ‘*’, ‘-’, or ‘%’. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
For example,
!!designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding command is repeated in toto.
!!:$designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be
shortened to !$.
!fi:2designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with
the letters fi.
Here are the word designators:
0 (zero)The 0th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
nThe nth word.
^The first argument; that is, word 1.
$The last argument.
%The first word matched by the most recent ‘?string?’ search, if the search string begins with a character that is part of a word.
x-yA range of words; ‘-y’ abbreviates ‘0-y’.
*All of the words, except the 0th. This is a synonym for ‘1-$’.
It is not an error to use ‘*’ if there is just one word in the event;
the empty string is returned in that case.
x*Abbreviates ‘x-$’
x-Abbreviates ‘x-$’ like ‘x*’, but omits the last word. If ‘x’ is missing, it defaults to 0.
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event.
Previous: Word Designators, Up: History Expansion [Contents][Index]
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘:’. These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
hRemove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
tRemove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
rRemove a trailing suffix of the form ‘.suffix’, leaving the basename.
eRemove all but the trailing suffix.
pPrint the new command but do not execute it.
s/old/new/Substitute new for the first occurrence of old in the
event line.
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of ‘/’.
The delimiter may be quoted in old and new
with a single backslash. If ‘&’ appears in new,
it is replaced by old. A single backslash will quote
the ‘&’.
If old is null, it is set to the last old
substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
the last string
in a !?string[?]
search.
If new is null, each matching old is deleted.
The final delimiter is optional if it is the last
character on the input line.
&Repeat the previous substitution.
gaCause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
conjunction with ‘s’, as in gs/old/new/,
or with ‘&’.
GApply the following ‘s’ or ‘&’ modifier once to each word in the event.
Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Previous: Using History Interactively, Up: GNU History Library [Contents][Index]
This chapter describes how to interface programs that you write with the GNU History Library. It should be considered a technical guide. For information on the interactive use of GNU History, see Using History Interactively.
Next: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History [Contents][Index]
Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in composing new ones.
A programmer using the History library has available functions for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list for a line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line in the list directly. In addition, a history expansion function is available which provides for a consistent user interface across different programs.
The user using programs written with the History library has the
benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known
commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text
in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are similar to
the history substitution provided by csh.
The programmer can also use the Readline library, which includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added advantage of command line editing.
Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History
library provides in other code, an application writer should include
the file <readline/history.h> in any file that uses the
History library’s features. It supplies extern declarations for all
of the library’s public functions and variables, and declares all of
the public data structures.
Next: History Functions, Previous: Introduction to History, Up: Programming with GNU History [Contents][Index]
The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is declared as follows:
typedef void *histdata_t;
typedef struct _hist_entry {
char *line;
char *timestamp;
histdata_t data;
} HIST_ENTRY;
The history list itself might therefore be declared as
HIST_ENTRY **the_history_list;
The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single structure:
/*
* A structure used to pass around the current state of the history.
*/
typedef struct _hist_state {
HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */
int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */
int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */
int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */
int flags;
} HISTORY_STATE;
If the flags member includes HS_STIFLED, the history has been
stifled.
Next: History Variables, Previous: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History [Contents][Index]
This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions exported by the GNU History library.
Next: History List Management, Up: History Functions [Contents][Index]
This section describes functions used to initialize and manage the state of the History library when you want to use the history functions in your program.
Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This initializes the interactive variables.
Return a structure describing the current state of the input history.
Set the state of the history list according to state.
Next: Information About the History List, Previous: Initializing History and State Management, Up: History Functions [Contents][Index]
These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set parameters managing the list itself.
Place string at the end of the history list. The associated data
field (if any) is set to NULL.
If the maximum number of history entries has been set using
stifle_history(), and the new number of history entries would exceed
that maximum, the oldest history entry is removed.
Change the time stamp associated with the most recent history entry to string.
Remove history entry at offset which from the history. The removed element is returned so you can free the line, data, and containing structure.
Free the history entry histent and any history library private data associated with it. Returns the application-specific data so the caller can dispose of it.
Make the history entry at offset which have line and data.
This returns the old entry so the caller can dispose of any
application-specific data. In the case
of an invalid which, a NULL pointer is returned.
Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
Stifle the history list, remembering only the last max entries. The history list will contain only max entries at a time.
Stop stifling the history. This returns the previously-set
maximum number of history entries (as set by stifle_history()).
The value is positive if the history was
stifled, negative if it wasn’t.
Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.
Next: Moving Around the History List, Previous: History List Management, Up: History Functions [Contents][Index]
These functions return information about the entire history list or individual list entries.
Return a NULL terminated array of HIST_ENTRY * which is the
current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of time.
If there is no history, return NULL.
Returns the offset of the current history element.
Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by
where_history(). If there is no entry there, return a NULL
pointer.
Return the history entry at position offset.
The range of valid
values of offset starts at history_base and ends at
history_length - 1 (see History Variables).
If there is no entry there, or if offset is outside the valid
range, return a NULL pointer.
Return the time stamp associated with the history entry entry. If the timestamp is missing or invalid, return 0.
Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are using. This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the lines in the history.
Next: Searching the History List, Previous: Information About the History List, Up: History Functions [Contents][Index]
These functions allow the current index into the history list to be set or changed.
Set the current history offset to pos, an absolute index into the list. Returns 1 on success, 0 if pos is less than zero or greater than the number of history entries.
Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, and
return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous entry, return
a NULL pointer.
If the current history offset refers to a valid history entry,
increment the current history offset.
If the possibly-incremented history offset refers to a valid history
entry, return a pointer to that entry;
otherwise, return a BNULL pointer.
Next: Managing the History File, Previous: Moving Around the History List, Up: History Functions [Contents][Index]
These functions allow searching of the history list for entries containing a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward and backward from the current history position. The search may be anchored, meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the history entry.
Search the history for string, starting at the current history offset. If direction is less than 0, then the search is through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries. If string is found, then the current history index is set to that history entry, and the value returned is the offset in the line of the entry where string was found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned.
Search the history for string, starting at the current history offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with string. If direction is less than 0, then the search is through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries. If string is found, then the current history index is set to that entry, and the return value is 0. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned.
Search for string in the history list, starting at pos, an absolute index into the list. If direction is negative, the search proceeds backward from pos, otherwise forward. Returns the absolute index of the history element where string was found, or -1 otherwise.
Next: History Expansion, Previous: Searching the History List, Up: History Functions [Contents][Index]
The History library can read the history from and write it to a file. This section documents the functions for managing a history file.
Add the contents of filename to the history list, a line at a time.
If filename is NULL, then read from ~/.history.
Returns 0 if successful, or errno if not.
Read a range of lines from filename, adding them to the history list.
Start reading at line from and end at to.
If from is zero, start at the beginning. If to is less than
from, then read until the end of the file. If filename is
NULL, then read from ~/.history. Returns 0 if successful,
or errno if not.
Write the current history to filename, overwriting filename
if necessary.
If filename is NULL, then write the history list to
~/.history.
Returns 0 on success, or errno on a read or write error.
Append the last nelements of the history list to filename.
If filename is NULL, then append to ~/.history.
Returns 0 on success, or errno on a read or write error.
Truncate the history file filename, leaving only the last
nlines lines.
If filename is NULL, then ~/.history is truncated.
Returns 0 on success, or errno on failure.
Previous: Managing the History File, Up: History Functions [Contents][Index]
These functions implement history expansion.
Expand string, placing the result into output, a pointer to a string (see History Expansion). Returns:
0If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in the text was the removal of escape characters preceding the history expansion character);
1if expansions did take place;
-1if there was an error in expansion;
2if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed,
as with the :p modifier (see Modifiers).
If an error occurred in expansion, then output contains a descriptive error message.
Returns the text of the history event beginning at string + *cindex. *cindex is modified to point to after the event specifier. At function entry, cindex points to the index into string where the history event specification begins. qchar is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition to the “normal” terminating characters.
Return an array of tokens parsed out of string, much as the shell might. The tokens are split on the characters in the history_word_delimiters variable, and shell quoting conventions are obeyed as described below.
Extract a string segment consisting of the first through last
arguments present in string. Arguments are split using
history_tokenize.
Next: History Programming Example, Previous: History Functions, Up: Programming with GNU History [Contents][Index]
This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by the GNU History Library.
The logical offset of the first entry in the history list.
The number of entries currently stored in the history list.
The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using
stifle_history().
If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they can be preserved between sessions. The default value is 0, meaning that timestamps are not saved.
The current timestamp format uses the value of history_comment_char to delimit timestamp entries in the history file. If that variable does not have a value (the default), timestamps will not be written.
The character that introduces a history event. The default is ‘!’. Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion.
The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of a line. The default is ‘^’.
During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line. This is disabled by default.
The characters that separate tokens for history_tokenize().
The default value is " \t\n()<>;&|".
The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search string, in addition to space, TAB, ‘:’ and ‘?’ in the case of a substring search. The default is empty.
The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immediately following history_expansion_char. The default is space, tab, newline, carriage return, and ‘=’.
If non-zero, the history expansion code implements shell-like quoting: single-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion character or the history comment character, and double-quoted words may have history expansion performed, since single quotes are not special within double quotes. The default value is 0.
An application may set this variable to indicate that the current line being expanded is subject to existing quoting. If set to ‘'’, the history expansion function will assume that the line is single-quoted and inhibit expansion until it reads an unquoted closing single quote; if set to ‘"’, history expansion will assume the line is double quoted until it reads an unquoted closing double quote. If set to zero, the default, the history expansion function will assume the line is not quoted and treat quote characters within the line as described above. This is only effective if history_quotes_inhibit_expansion is set.
This should be set to the address of a function that takes two arguments:
a char * (string)
and an int index into that string (i).
It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at
string[i] should not be performed; zero if the expansion should
be done.
It is intended for use by applications like Bash that use the history
expansion character for additional purposes.
By default, this variable is set to NULL.
Previous: History Variables, Up: Programming with GNU History [Contents][Index]
The following program demonstrates simple use of the GNU History Library.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <readline/history.h>
main (argc, argv)
int argc;
char **argv;
{
char line[1024], *t;
int len, done = 0;
line[0] = 0;
using_history ();
while (!done)
{
printf ("history$ ");
fflush (stdout);
t = fgets (line, sizeof (line) - 1, stdin);
if (t && *t)
{
len = strlen (t);
if (t[len - 1] == '\n')
t[len - 1] = '\0';
}
if (!t)
strcpy (line, "quit");
if (line[0])
{
char *expansion;
int result;
result = history_expand (line, &expansion);
if (result)
fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", expansion);
if (result < 0 || result == 2)
{
free (expansion);
continue;
}
add_history (expansion);
strncpy (line, expansion, sizeof (line) - 1);
free (expansion);
}
if (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0)
done = 1;
else if (strcmp (line, "save") == 0)
write_history ("history_file");
else if (strcmp (line, "read") == 0)
read_history ("history_file");
else if (strcmp (line, "list") == 0)
{
register HIST_ENTRY **the_list;
register int i;
the_list = history_list ();
if (the_list)
for (i = 0; the_list[i]; i++)
printf ("%d: %s\n", i + history_base, the_list[i]->line);
}
else if (strncmp (line, "delete", 6) == 0)
{
int which;
if ((sscanf (line + 6, "%d", &which)) == 1)
{
HIST_ENTRY *entry = remove_history (which);
if (!entry)
fprintf (stderr, "No such entry %d\n", which);
else
{
free (entry->line);
free (entry);
}
}
else
{
fprintf (stderr, "non-numeric arg given to `delete'\n");
}
}
}
}
Next: Concept Index, Previous: Programming with GNU History, Up: GNU History Library [Contents][Index]
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Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.
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